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- NATION, Page 40A Near Tragedy Of ErrorsAlumni of the Cuban missile crisis review their lessons
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- A quarter-century ago, they played a game of nuclear chicken,
- bringing the planet terrifyingly close to destruction. Last week
- in Moscow, many of the same men who were involved in the Cuban
- missile crisis met to discuss the confrontation. In a form of
- diplomatic glasnost, senior Americans, Soviets and Cubans for the
- first time traded candid observations on the drama that had the
- world holding its breath for 13 perilous days in October 1962.
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- President John F. Kennedy's Defense Secretary Robert McNamara
- and National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy were among the
- Americans present. The Soviets were represented by the likes of
- former Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and onetime Ambassador
- Anatoli Dobrynin. The Cubans were led by Politburo member Jorge
- Risquet. The atmosphere, said a participant, was one of "remarkable
- bonhomie." However, the meeting revealed that all three parties
- acted out of basic misperceptions during the crisis. Among them:
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- The U.S. believed that the Soviets were planting nuclear
- missiles in Cuba to counter American installation of warheads in
- Turkey. But the Soviet missiles were intended, at least in part,
- to neutralize the threat of a U.S. invasion of the island, which
- Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and Cuba's Fidel Castro believed
- to be imminent. Despite the movement of U.S. air and land forces
- to the southeastern U.S. in the early fall of 1962 and the fact
- that an invasion was proposed to Kennedy as a serious option (he
- rejected it), McNamara insists that such an action was never in the
- works. But, he added, "if I were in (the Cubans') shoes, I have no
- doubt that I would have thought the same thing."
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- Kennedy and his advisers never knew for certain whether there
- were nuclear warheads already in Cuba in October 1962. The Soviets
- disclosed last week that 20 warheads were indeed on the island;
- they could have been fitted within hours on missiles targeted for
- Washington, New York and other major U.S. cities.
-
- U.S. intelligence estimated that there were 10,000 Soviet and
- 40,000 Cuban troops on the island. Actually, the Soviets had 40,000
- troops stationed there, and Cuban soldiers numbered 270,000. Had
- the U.S. invaded, said McNamara, "casualties would have been more
- than twice what we figured."
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- The Moscow conference made plain the huge pitfalls of a
- superpower crisis in the nuclear age. "The horrifying extent to
- which we all misunderstood what was going on," said McNamara, "is
- the absolutely fundamental lesson for the future. Given what's at
- stake, crises are too dangerous to manage. They must be avoided."